• 加速器天行

    LLVM Project News and Details from the Trenches

    加速器天行

    熊猫加速器下载

    Author: Erich Keane, Compiler Frontend Engineer, Intel Corporation

    Earlier this month I finally committed a patch to implement the extended-integer type class, _ExtInt after nearly two and a half years of design and implementation. These types allow developers to use custom width integers, such as a 13-bit signed integer. This patch is currently designed to track N2472, a proposal being actively considered by the ISO WG14 C Language Committee. We feel that these types are going to be extremely useful to many downstream users of Clang, and provides a language interface for LLVM's extremely powerful integer type class.

    熊猫加速器好用么

    LLVM-IR has the ability to represent integers with a bitwidth from 1 all the way to 16,777,215((1<<24)-1), however the C language is limited to just a few power-of-two sizes. Historically, these types have been sufficient for nearly all programming architectures, since power-of-two representation of integers is convenient and practical.

    Recently, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) tooling, called High Level Synthesis Compilers (HLS), has become practical and powerful enough to use a general purpose programming language for their generation. These tools take C or C++ code and produce a transistor layout to be used by the FPGA. However, once programmers gained experience in these tools, it was discovered that the standard C integer types are incredibly wasteful for two main reasons.

    First, a vast majority of the time programmers are not using the full width of their integer types. It is rare for someone to use all 16, 32, or 64 bits of their integer representation. On traditional CPUs this isn't much of a problem as the hardware is already in place, so having bits never set comes at zero cost. On the other hand, on FPGAs logic gates are an incredibly valuable resource, and HLS compilers should not be required to waste bits on large power of two integers when they only need a small subset of that! While the optimizer passes are capable of removing some of these widths, a vast majority of this hardware needs to be emitted.

    Second, the C language requires that integers smaller than int are promoted to operations on the 'int' type. This further complicates hardware generation, as promotions to int are expensive and tend to stick with the operation for an entire statement at a time. These promotions typically have semantic meaning, so simply omitting them isn't possible without changing the meaning of the source code. Even worse, the proliferation of auto has resulted in user code results in the larger integer size being quite viral throughout a program.

    The result is massively larger FPGA/HLS programs than the programmer needed, and likely much larger than they intended. Worse, there was no way for the programmer express their intent in the cases where they do not need the full width of a standard integer type.

    熊猫加速器怎么使用

    The patch as accepted and committed into LLVM solves most of the above problems by providing the _ExtInt class of types. These types translate directly into the corresponding LLVM-IR integer types. The _ExtInt keyword is a type-specifier (like int) that accepts a required integral constant expression parameter representing the number of bits to be used. More succinctly: _ExtInt(7) is a signed integer type using 7 bits. Because it is a type-specifier, it can also be combined with signed and unsigned to change the signedness (and overflow behavior!) of the values. So "unsigned _ExtInt(9) foo;" declares a variable foo that is an unsigned integer type taking up 9 bits and represented as an i9 in LLVM-IR.

    The _ExtInt types as implemented do not participate in any implicit conversions or integer promotions, so all math done on them happens at the appropriate bit-width. The WG14 paper proposes integer promotion to the largest of the types (that is, adding an _ExtInt(5) and an _ExtInt(6) would result in an 熊猫加速器下载), however the implementation does not permit that and _ExtInt(5) + _ExtInt(6) would result in a compiler error. This was done so that in the event that WG14 changes the design of the paper, we will be able to implement it without breaking existing programs. In the meantime, this can be worked around with explicit casts: (_ExtInt(6))AnExtInt5 + AnExtInt6 or static_cast<ExtInt(6)>(AnExtInt5) + AnExtInt6.

    Additionally, for C++, clang supports making the bitwidth parameter a dependent expression, so that the following is legal:
    template<size_t WidthA, size_t WidthB>
      _ExtInt(WidthA + WidthB) lossless_mul(_ExtInt(WidthA) a, _ExtInt(WidthB) b) {
      return static_cast<
    _ExtInt(WidthA + WidthB)>(a) 
           * static_cast<熊猫加速器下载>(b);


    We anticipate that this ability and these types will result in some extremely useful pieces of code, including novel uses of 256 bit, 512 bit, or larger integers, plus uses of 8 and 16 bit integers for those who can't afford promotions. For example, one can now trivially implement an extended integer type struct that does all operations provably losslessly, that is, adding two 6 bit values would result in a 7 bit value.

    In order to be consistent with the C Language, expressions that include a standard type will still follow integral promotion and conversion rules. All types smaller than int will be promoted, and the operation will then happen at the largest type.  This can be surprising in the case where you add a short and an 熊猫加速器下载, where the result will be int. However, this ends up being the most consistent with the C language specification.

    Additionally, when it comes to conversions, these types 'lose' to the C standard types of the same size or greater. So, an int added to a _ExtInt(32) will result in an int. However, an int and a _ExtInt(33)will be the latter. This is necessary to preserve C integer semantics.

    History

    As mentioned earlier, this feature has been a long time coming! In fact, this is likely the fourth implementation that was done along the way in order to get to this point. Additionally, this is far from over, we very much hope that upon acceptance of this by the WG14 Standards Committee that additional extensions and features will become available.

    I was approached to implement this feature in the Fall of 2017 by my company's FPGA group, which had the problems mentioned above. They had attempted a solution that used some clever parsing to make these look like templates, and implemented them extensively throughout the compiler. As I was concerned about the flexibility and usability of these types in the type and template system, we opted to implement these as a type-attribute under the controversially named Arbitrary Precision Int (spelled 熊猫加速器好用么). This spelling was heavily influenced by the vector-types implementations in GCC and Clang.

    We then were able to wrap a set of typedefs (or dependent __ap_int types) in a structure that provided exactly the C and C++ interface we wished to expose. As this was a then proprietary implementation, it was kept in our downstream implementation, where it received extensive testing and usage.

    Roughly a year later (and a little more than year ago from today!) I was authorized to contribute our implementation to the open source LLVM community! I decided to significantly refactor the implementation in order to better fit into the Clang type system, and uploaded it for 熊猫加速器怎么使用.This (now third!) implementation of this feature was proposed via RFC and code review at the same time.

    While the usefulness was immediately acknowledged, it was rejected by the Clang code owner for two reasons: First the spelling was considered unpalatable, and Second it was a pure extension without standardization. This began the nearly year-long effort to come up with a standards proposal that would better define and describe the feature as well as come up with a spelling that was more in line with the standard language.

    Thanks to the invaluable feedback and input from Richard Smith, my coworkers Melanie Blower, Tommy Hoffner, and myself were able to propose the spelling _ExtInt for standardization. Additionally, the feature again re-implemented at the beginning of this year and eventually accepted and committed!

    The standardization paper (N2472) was presented at this Spring's WG14 ISO C Language Committee Meeting where it received near unanimous support. We expect to have an updated version of the paper with wording ready for the next WG14 meeting, where we hope it will receive sufficient support to be accepted into the language.

    Future Extensions

    While the feautre as committed in Clang is incredibly useful, it can be taken further. There are a handful of future extensions that we wish to implement once guidance from WG14 has been given on their direction and implementation.

    First, we believe the special integer promotion/conversion rules, which omit automatic promotion to  int and instead provide operations at the largest type are both incredibly useful and powerful. While we have received positive encouragement from WG14, we hope that the wording paper we provide will both clarify the mechanism and definition in a way that supports all common uses.

    Secondly, we would like to choose a printf/scanf specifier that permits specifying the type for the C language. This was the topic of the WG14 discussion, and also received strong encouragement. We intend to come up with a good representation, then implement this in major implementations.

    Finally, numerous people have suggested implementing a way of spelling literals of this type. This is important for two reasons: First, it allows using literals without casts in expressions in a way that doesn't run afoul of promotion rules. Second, it provides a way of spelling integer literals larger than UINTMAX_MAX, which can be useful for initializing the larger versions of these types. While the spelling is undecided, we intend something like: 1234X would result in an integer literal with the value 1234 represented in an _ExtInt(11), which is the smallest type capable of storing this value.

    However, without the integer promotion/conversion rules above, this feature isn't nearly as useful. Additionally, we'd like to be consistent with whatever the C language committee chooses. As soon as we receive positive guidance on the spelling and syntax of this type, we look forward to providing an implementation.

    熊猫加速器下载

    In closing, we encourage you to try using this and provide feedback to both myself, my proposal co-authors, and the C committee itself! We feel this is a really useful feature and would love to get as much user experience as possible. Feel free to contact myself and my co-authors with any questions or concerns!

    -Erich Keane, Intel Corporation

    加速器天行

    Deterministic builds with clang and lld

    Deterministic builds can lower continuous integration costs and give you more confidence in your build and test process. This post outlines what it means for a build to be deterministic, the advantages of deterministic builds, and how to achieve them using LLVM tools.

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    A build is called deterministic or reproducible if running it twice produces exactly the same build outputs.

    There are several degrees of build determinism that are increasingly useful but increasingly difficult to achieve:

    1. Basic determinism: Doing a full build of the same source code in the same directory on the same machine produces exactly the same output every time, in the sense that a content hash of the final build artifacts and of all intermediate files does not change.
      • Once you have this, if all your builders are configured the same way (OS version, toolchain, build path, checkout path, …), they can share build artifacts, for example by using distcc.
      • This also allows local caching of test suite results keyed by a hash of test binary and test input files.
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    2. Incremental basic determinism: Like basic determinism, but the output binaries also don’t change in partial rebuilds. In build systems that track file modification times to decide when to rebuild, this means for example that updating the modification time on a C++ source file (without doing any actual changes) and rebuilding will produce the same output as a full build.
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      • Illustrative example: ./build src out ; cp -r out out.old ; touch src/foo.c ; ./build src out ; diff -r out out.old
    3. Local determinism: Like incremental basic determinism, but builds are also independent of the name of the build directory. Builds of the same source code on the same machine produce exactly the same output every time, independent of the location of the source checkout directory or the build directory.
      • This allows machines to have several build directories at different locations but still share compile and test caches.
      • Illustrative example: cp -r src src2 ; ./build src out ; ./build src2 out2 ; diff -r out out2
    4. Universal determinism: Like 3, but builds are also independent of the machine the build runs on. Everybody that checks out the project at a given revision into any directory and builds it following the build instructions ends up with exactly the same bits in the build output.
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      • It also allows easy verification of builds done by others to make sure output binaries haven’t been tampered with.
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    熊猫加速器怎么使用

    To make sure that a deterministic build stays deterministic, you should set up a builder that verifies that your build is deterministic. Even if your build isn’t deterministic yet, you can set up a bot that verifies that some parts of your build are deterministic and then expand the checks over time.

    For example, you could have a bot that does a full build in a fixed build directory, then moves the build artifacts out of the way, and does another full build, and once your compiles have basic determinism, add a step that checks that object files between the two builds directories are the same. You could even add incremental checking for specific subdirectories or build targets while you work towards full basic determinism.

    Once your links are deterministic, check that binaries are identical as well. Once all your build steps are deterministic, compare all files in the two build directories.

    Once your build has incremental determinism, do an incremental build for the first build and a full build for the second build. Once your build has local determinism, do the two builds at different build paths.

    熊猫加速器怎么使用

    Basic determinism needs tools (compiler, linker, etc) that are deterministic. Tools internally must not output things in hash table order, multi-threaded programs must not write output in the order threads finish, etc. All of LLVM’s tools have deterministic outputs when run with the right flags but not necessarily by default.

    The C standard defines the predefined macros __TIME__ and __DATE__ that expand to the time a source file is compiled. Several compilers, including clang, also define the non-standard __TIMESTAMP__. This is inherently nondeterministic. You should not use these macros, and you can use -Wdate-time to make the compiler emit a warning when they are used.

    If they are used in third-party code you don’t control, you can use -Wno-builtin-macro-redefined -D__DATE__= -D__TIME__= -D__TIMESTAMP__= to make them expand to nothing.

    When targeting Windows, clang and clang-cl by default also embed the current time in a timestamp field in the output .obj file, because Microsoft’s link.exe in /incremental mode silently mislinks files if that field isn’t set correctly. If you don’t use link.exe’s /incremental flag, or if you link with lld-link, you should pass /Brepro to clang-cl to make it not write the current timestamp into its output.

    Both link.exe and lld-link also write the current timestamp into output .dll or .exe files. To make them instead write a hash of the binary into this field, you can pass /Brepro to the linker as well. However, some tools, such as Windows 7’s app compatibility database, try to interpret that field as an actual timestamp and can get confused if it’s set to a hash of the binary. For this case, lld-link also offers a /timestamp: flag that you can give an explicit timestamp that’s written into the output. You could use this to for example write the time of the commit the code is built at instead of the current time to make it deterministic. (But see the footnote on embedding commit hashes below.)

    Visual Studio’s assemblers ml.exe and ml64.exe also insist on writing the current time into their output. In situations like this, where you can’t easily fix the tool to write the right output in the first place, you need to write wrappers that fix up the file after the fact. As an example, ml.py is the wrapper the Chromium project uses to make ml’s output deterministic.

    macOS’s libtool and ld64 also insist on writing timestamps into their outputs. You can set the environment variable ZERO_AR_DATE to 1 in a wrapper to make their output deterministic, but that confuses lldb of older Xcode versions.

    Gcc sometimes uses random numbers in certain symbol mangling situations. Clang does not do this, so there’s no need to pass -frandom-seed to clang.

    It’s a good idea to make your build independent of environment variables as much as possible, so that accidental local changes in the environment don’t affect the build output. You should pass /X to clang-cl to make it ignore %INCLUDE% and explicitly pass system include directories via the -imsvc switch instead. Likewise, very new lld-link versions (LLVM 10 and newer, at the time of this writing still unreleased) understand the flag /lldignoreenv flag, which makes lld-link ignore the 熊猫加速器下载 environment variable; explicitly pass system library directories via /libpath:.

    Footnote on embedding git hashes into the binary
    It might be tempting to embed the git commit hash or svn revision that a binary was built at into the binary’s --version output, or use the revision as a cache key to invalidate on-disk caches when the version changes.

    This doesn’t affect your build’s determinism, but it does affect the hit rate if you’re using deterministic builds to cache test run results. If your binary embeds the current commit, it is guaranteed to change on every single commit, and you won’t be able to cache test results across commits. Even commits that just fix typos in comments, add non-code documentation, or that only affect code used by some but not all of your binaries will change every binary.

    For cache invalidation, consider using something finer-grained, such as only the latest commit of the directory containing the cache handling code, or the hash of all source files containing the cache handling code.

    For --version output, if your build is fully deterministic, the hash of the binary itself (and its dynamic library dependencies) can serve as a stable version identifier. You can keep a map of binary hash to all commit hashes that produce that binary somewhere.

    Windows only: For the same reason, just using the timestamp of the latest commit as a /timestamp: might not be the best option. Rounding the timestamp of the latest commit to 6h (or similar) granularity is a possible approach for not having the timestamp change the binary on every commit, while still keeping the timestamp close to reality. For production builds, the symbol server key for binaries is a (executable size, timestamp) pair, so here having fairly granular timestamps is important to not map binaries from consecutive commits to the same symbol server key. Depending on how often you push production binaries to your symbol servers, you might want to use the timestamp of the latest commit as /timestamp: for official builds, or you might want to round to finer granularity than you do on dev builds.

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    Having deterministic incremental builds mostly requires having correct incremental builds, meaning that if a file is changed and the build reruns, everything that uses this file needs to be rebuilt.

    This is very build system dependent, so this post can’t say much about it.

    In general, every build step needs to correctly declare all the inputs it depends on.

    Some tools, such as Visual Studio’s link.exe in /incremental mode, by design write a different output every time. Don’t use inherently incrementally non-deterministic tools like that if you care about build determinism.

    The build should not depend on environment variables, since build systems usually don’t model dependencies on environment variables.

    Getting to local determinism

    Making build outputs independent of the names of the checkout or build directory means that build outputs must not contain absolute paths, or relative paths that contain the name of either directory.

    A possible way to arrange for that is to put all build directories into the checkout directory. For example, if your code is at path/to/src, then you could have “out” in your .gitignore and build directories at path/to/src/out/debug, path/to/src/out/release, and so on. The relative path from each build artifact to the source is with “../../” followed by the path of the source file in the source directory, which is identical for each build directory.

    The C standard defines the predefined macro 熊猫加速器怎么使用 that expands to the name of the current source file. Clang expands this to an absolute path if it is invoked with an absolute path (`clang -c /absolute/path/to/my/file.cc`), and to a relative path if it is invoked with a relative path (`clang ../../path/to/my/file.cc`). To make your build locally deterministic, pass relative paths to your .cc files to clang.

    By default, clang will internally use absolute paths to refer to compiler-internal headers. Pass -no-canonical-prefixes to make clang use relative paths for these internal files.

    Passing relative paths to clang makes clang expand 熊猫加速器怎么使用 to a relative path, but paths in debug information are still absolute by default. Pass -fdebug-compilation-dir . to make paths in debug information relative to the build directory. (Before LLVM 9, this is an internal clang flag that must be used as `-Xclang -fdebug-compilation-dir -Xclang .`) When using clang’s integrated assembler (the default), 熊猫加速器好用么 will do the same for object files created from assembly input. (For ml.exe / ml64.exe, see the script linked to from the “Basic determinism” section above.)

    Using this means that debuggers won’t automatically find the source code belonging to your binary. At the moment, there’s no way to tell debuggers to resolve relative paths relative to the location of the binary (DWARF proposal, gdb patch). See the end of this section for how to configure common debuggers to work correctly.

    There are a few flags that try to make compilers produce relative paths in outputs even if the filename passed to the compiler is absolute (-fdebug-prefix-map, 熊猫加速器怎么使用, -fmacro-prefix-map). Do not use these flags.
    • They work by adding lhs=rhs replacement patterns, and the lhs must be an absolute path to remove the absolute path from the output. That means that while they make the compile output path-independent, they make the compile command itself path-dependent, which hinders distributed compile caching. With -grecord-gcc-switches or -frecord-gcc-switches the compile command is embedded in debug info or even the object file itself, so in that case the flags even break local determinism. (Both -grecord-gcc-switches and -frecord-gcc-switches default to false in clang.)
    • They don’t affect the paths in dwo files when using fission; passing relative paths to the compiler is the only way to make these paths relative.
    On Windows, it’s very unusual to have PDBs with relative paths. You can pass /pdbsourcepath:X:\fake\prefix to lld-link to make it resolve all relative paths in object files against a fixed absolute path to make sure your final PDBs contain absolute paths. Since the absolute path is against a fixed prefix, this doesn’t impair determinism. With this, both binaries and PDBs created by clang-cl and lld-link will be fully deterministic and build path independent.

    Also on Windows, the linker by default puts the absolute path the to the generated PDB file in the output binary. Pass /pdbaltpath:%_PDB% when you pass /debug to make the linker write a relative path to the generated PDB file instead. If you have custom build steps that extract PDB names from binaries, you have to make sure these scripts work with relative paths. Microsoft’s tools (debuggers, ETW) work fine with this set in most situations, and you can add a symbol search path in the cases where they don’t (when the binaries are copied before being run).

    Getting debuggers to work well with locally deterministic builds
    At the moment, no debugger offers an option to resolve relative paths in debug info against the directory the debugged binary is in.

    Some debuggers (gdb, lldb) do try to resolve relative paths against the cwd, so a simple way to make debugging work is to cd into your build directory before debugging.

    If you don’t want to require devs to cd into the build directory for debugging to work, you have to do debugger-specific configuration tweaks.

    To make sure devs don’t miss this, you could have your custom init script set an env var and query if it’s set early during your test binary startup, and exit with a message like “Add `source /path/to/your/project/gdbinit` to your ~/.gdbinit” if the environment variable isn’t set.

    gdb
    `dir path/to/build/dir` tells gdb what directory to resolve relative paths against.

    `show debug-file-directory` prints the list of directories gdb looks in for dwo files. Query that, append `:path/to/build/dir`, and call `set debug-file-directory` to add your build dir to that search path.

    For an example, see Chromium’s gdbinit (which also does a few other unrelated things).

    lldb
    `settings set target.source-map ../.. /absolute/path/to/build/dir` can map the “../..” prefix that all .cc files will refer to when using the setup described above with an absolute path. This requires Xcode 10.3 or newer; the lldb shipping with Xcode 10.1 has problems with this setup.

    For an example, see Chromium’s lldbinit.

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    If you use the setup described above,  熊猫加速器下载 will combine with the “..\..\my\file.cc” relative paths to make your code appear at “X:\my\file.cc”. To make Windows debuggers find them, you have two options:
    1. Run `subst X: C:\src\real\root` in cmd.exe before launching the debuggers to create a virtual drive that maps X: to the actual source location. Both windbg and Visual Studio will load code over X: this way.
    2. Add “C:\src\real\root” to each debugger’s source search path.
      • 熊猫加速器下载: Run `.srcpath+ C:\src\real\root`. You can also set this via the _NT_SOURCE_PATH  environment variable, or via  File->Source File Path (Ctrl+P). Or pass `-srcpath C:\src\real\root` when launching windbg from the command line.
      • Visual Studio: The IDE has a “Debug Source Files” property. Add C:\src\real\root to “Directories containing source code” to Project->Properties (Alt+F7)->Common Properties->Debug Source Files->Directories containing source code.
    Alternatively, you could pass the absolute path to the actual build directory to /PDBSourcePath: instead of something like “X:\fake\prefix”. That way, all PDBs have “correct” absolute paths in them, while your compile steps are still path-independent and can share a cache across machines. However, since executables contain a reference to the PDB hash, none of your binaries will be path-independent. This setup doesn’t require any debugger configuration, but it doesn’t allow your builds to be locally deterministic.

    Getting to universal determinism

    By now, your build output is deterministic as long as everyone uses the same compiler, and linker binaries, and as long as everyone uses the version of the SDK and system libraries.

    Making your build independent of that requires making sure that everyone automatically uses the same compiler, linker, and SDK.

    This might seem like a lot of work, but in addition to build determinism this work also gives you cross builds (where you can e.g. build the Linux version of your product on a Windows host).

    It also versions the compiler, linker, and SDK used within your code, which means you will be able to update all your bots and devs to new versions automatically (and if an update causes issues, it’s easy to revert it).

    You need to store the currently-used compiler, linker, and SDK versions in a file in your source control repository, and from some kind of hook that runs after pulling the newest version of the source, download compiler, linker, and SDK of the right version from some kind of cloud storage service.

    You then need to modify your build files to use 熊猫加速器怎么使用 (Linux), -isysroot (macOS), 熊猫加速器怎么使用 (Windows) to use these hermetic SDKs for builds. They need to be somewhere below your source root to not regress build directory name invariance.

    You also want to make sure your build doesn’t depend on environment variables, as already mentioned in the “Getting to incremental determinism”, since environments between different machines can be very different and difficult to control.

    Build steps shouldn’t embed the hostname of the current machine or the logged-in user name in the build output, or similar.

    Summary

    This post explained what deterministic builds are, how build determinism spans a spectrum (local, fixed-build-dir-path-only to fully host-OS-independent) instead of just being binary, and how you can use LLVM’s tools to make your build deterministic. It also touched on techniques you can use to make your test caches more effective.

    Thanks to Elly Fong-Jones for helping edit and structure this post, and to Adrian McCarthy, Bob Haarman, Bruce Dawson, Dirk Pranke, Fumitoshi Ukai, Hans Wennborg, Kai Naschinski, Reid Kleckner, Rui Ueyama, and Takuto Ikuta for reading drafts and suggesting improvements.

    加速器天行

    熊猫加速器下载

    Link time optimization (LTO) is LLVM's way of implementing whole-program optimization. Cross-language LTO is a new feature in the Rust compiler that enables LLVM's link time optimization to be performed across a mixed C/C++/Rust codebase. It is also a feature that beautifully combines two respective strengths of the Rust programming language and the LLVM compiler platform:
    • Rust, with its lack of a language runtime and its low-level reach, has an almost unique ability to seamlessly integrate with an existing C/C++ codebase, and
    • 绝地求生不开加速器可以玩吗 不开加速器也一样能玩-游戏经验本:2021-8-28 · 绝地求生用什么加速器好 一般来说,加速器的效果和自身的网络情况有关,所以别人用着好的不一定适合自己,建议大家多试试几款加速器,看看哪款最适合自己,下面是当前比较主流的加速器,供 …
    So, what does cross-language LTO do? There are two answers to that:
    • From a technical perspective it allows for codebases to be optimized without regard for implementation language boundaries, making it possible for important optimizations, such as function inlining, to be performed across individual compilation units even if, for example, one of the compilation units is written in Rust while the other is written in C++.
    • From a psychological perspective, which arguably is just as important, it helps to alleviate the nagging feeling of inefficiency that many performance conscious developers might have when working on a piece of software that jumps back and forth a lot between functions implemented in different source languages.
    Because Firefox is a large, performance sensitive codebase with substantial parts written in Rust, cross-language LTO has been a long-time favorite wish list item among Firefox developers. As a consequence, we at Mozilla's Low Level Tools team took it upon ourselves to implement it in the Rust compiler.

    To explain how cross-language LTO works it is useful to take a step back and review how traditional compilation and "regular" link time optimization work in the LLVM world.


    Background - A bird's eye view of the LLVM compilation pipeline

    Clang and the Rust compiler both follow a similar compilation workflow which, to some degree, is prescribed by LLVM:
    1. The compiler front-end generates an LLVM bitcode module (.bc) for each compilation unit. In C and C++ each source file will result in a single compilation unit. In Rust each crate is translated into at least one compilation unit.
      
          .c --clang--> .bc
      
          .c --clang--> .bc
      
      
          .rs --+
                |
          .rs --+--rustc--> .bc
                |
          .rs --+
      
      
    2. In the next step, LLVM's optimization pipeline will optimize each LLVM module in isolation:
      
          .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt)
      
          .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt)
      
      
          .rs --+
                |
          .rs --+--rustc--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt)
                |
          .rs --+
      
      
    3. LLVM then lowers each module into machine code so that we get one object file per module:
      
          .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) --LLVM--> .o
      
          .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) --LLVM--> .o
      
      
          .rs --+
                |
          .rs --+--rustc--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) --LLVM--> .o
                |
          .rs --+
      
      
    4. Finally, the linker will take the set of object files and link them together into a binary:
      
          .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) --LLVM--> .o ------+
                                                                   |
          .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) --LLVM--> .o ------+
                                                                   |
                                                                   +--ld--> bin
          .rs --+                                                  |
                |                                                  |
          .rs --+--rustc--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) --LLVM--> .o --+
                |
          .rs --+
      
      
    This is the regular compilation workflow if no kind of LTO is involved. As you can see, each compilation unit is optimized in isolation. The optimizer does not know the definition of functions inside of other compilation units and thus cannot inline them or make other kinds of decisions based on what they actually do. To enable inlining and optimizations to happen across compilation unit boundaries, LLVM supports link time optimization.


    Link time optimization in LLVM

    The basic principle behind LTO is that some of LLVM's optimization passes are pushed back to the linking stage. Why the linking stage? Because that is the point in the pipeline where the entire program (i.e. the whole set of compilation units) is available at once and thus optimizations across compilation unit boundaries become possible. Performing LLVM work at the linking stage is facilitated via a 熊猫加速器怎么使用 to the linker.

    Here is how LTO is concretely implemented:
    • the compiler translates each compilation unit into LLVM bitcode (i.e. it skips lowering to machine code),
       
    • the linker, via the LLVM linker plugin, knows how to read LLVM bitcode modules like regular object files, and
       
    • the linker, again via the LLVM linker plugin, merges all bitcode modules it encounters and then runs LLVM optimization passes before doing the actual linking.
    With these capabilities in place a new compilation workflow with LTO enabled for C++ code looks like this:
    
        .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) ------------------+ - - +
                                                                |     |
        .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) ------------------+ - - +
                                                                |     |
                                                                +-ld+LLVM--> bin
        .rs --+                                                 |
              |                                                 |
        .rs --+--rustc--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) --LLVM--> .o -+
              |
        .rs --+
    
    
    As you can see our Rust code is still compiled to a regular object file. Therefore, the Rust code is opaque to the optimization taking place at link time. Yet, looking at the diagram it seems like that shouldn't be too hard to change, right?


    Cross-language link time optimization

    Implementing cross-language LTO is conceptually simple because the feature is built on the shoulders of giants. Since the Rust compiler uses LLVM all the important building blocks are readily available. The final diagram looks very much as you would expect, with rustc emitting optimized LLVM bitcode and the LLVM linker plugin incorporating that into the LTO process with the rest of the modules:
    
        .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) ---------+
                                                       |
        .c --clang--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) ---------+
                                                       |
                                                       +-ld+LLVM--> bin
        .rs --+                                        |
              |                                        |
        .rs --+--rustc--> .bc --LLVM--> .bc (opt) -----+
              |
        .rs --+
    
    
    Nonetheless, achieving a production-ready implementation still turned out to be a significant time investment. After figuring out how everything fits together, the main challenge was to get the Rust compiler to produce LLVM bitcode that was compatible with both the bitcode that Clang produces and with what the linker plugin would accept. Some of the issues we ran into where:
    • The Rust compiler and Clang are both based on LLVM but they might be using different versions of LLVM. This was further complicated by the fact that Rust's LLVM version often does not match a specific LLVM release, but can be an arbitrary revision from LLVM's repository. We learned that all LLVM versions involved really have to be a close match in order for things to work out. The Rust compiler's documentation now offers a compatibility table for the various versions of Rust and Clang.
       
    • The Rust compiler by default performs a special form of LTO, called ThinLTO, on all compilation units of the same crate before passing them on to the linker. We quickly learned, however, that the LLVM linker plugin crashes with a segmentation fault when trying to perform another round of ThinLTO on a module that had already gone through the process. No problem, we thought and instructed the Rust compiler to disable its own ThinLTO pass when compiling for the cross-language case and indeed everything was fine -- until the segmentation faults mysteriously returned a few weeks later even though ThinLTO was still disabled.

      We noticed that the problem only occurred in a specific, presumably innocent setting: again two passes of LTO needed to happen, this time the first was a regular LTO pass within 熊猫加速器好用么 and the output of that would then be fed into ThinLTO within the linker plugin. This setup, although computationally expensive, was desirable because it produced faster code and allowed for better dead-code elimination on the Rust side. And in theory it should have worked just fine. Yet somehow rustc produced symbol names that had apparently gone through ThinLTO's mangling even though we checked time and again that ThinLTO was disabled for Rust. We were beginning to seriously question our understanding of LLVM's inner workings as the problem persisted while we slowly ran out of ideas on how to debug this further.

      You can picture the proverbial lightbulb appearing over our heads when we figured out that Rust's pre-compiled standard library would still have ThinLTO enabled, no matter the compiler settings we were using for our tests. The standard library, including its LLVM bitcode representation, is compiled as part of Rust's binary distribution so it is always compiled with the settings from Rust's build servers. Our local full LTO pass within rustc would then pull this troublesome bitcode into the output module which in turn would make the linker plugin crash again. Since then ThinLTO is 熊猫加速器好用么 for libstd by default.
       
    • After the above fixes, we succeeded in compiling the entirety of Firefox with cross-language LTO enabled. Unfortunately, we discovered that no actual cross-language optimizations were happening. Both Clang and 熊猫加速器下载 were producing LLVM bitcode and LLD produced functioning Firefox binaries, but when looking at the machine code, not even trivial functions were being inlined across language boundaries. After days of debugging (and unfortunately without being aware of 熊猫加速器下载 at the time) it turned out that Clang was emitting a 熊猫加速器怎么使用 attribute on all functions while rustc didn't, which made LLVM reject inlining opportunities.

      In order to prevent the feature from silently regressing for similar reasons in the future we put quite a bit of effort into extending the Rust compiler's testing framework and CI. It is now able to compile and run a compatible version of Clang and uses that to perform end-to-end tests of cross-language LTO, making sure that small functions will indeed get inlined across language boundaries.
    This list could still go on for a while, with each additional target platform holding new surprises to be dealt with. We had to progress carefully by putting in regression tests at every step in order to keep the many moving parts in check. At this point, however, we feel confident in the underlying implementation, with Firefox providing a large, complex, multi-platform test case where things have been working well for several months now.


    Using cross-language LTO: a minimal example

    The exact build tool invocations differ depending on whether it is rustc or Clang performing the final linking step, and whether Rust code is compiled via Cargo or via rustc directly. Rust's compiler documentation describes the various cases. The simplest of them, where rustc directly produces a static library and Clang does the linking, looks as follows:
    
        # Compile the Rust static library, called "xyz"
        rustc --crate-type=staticlib -O -C linker-plugin-lto -o libxyz.a lib.rs
    
        # Compile the C code with "-flto"
        clang -flto -c -O2 main.c
    
        # Link everything
        clang -flto -O2 main.o -L . -lxyz
    
    
    The -C linker-plugin-lto option instructs the Rust compiler to emit LLVM bitcode which then can be used for both "full" and "thin" LTO. Getting things set up for the first time can be quite cumbersome because, as already mentioned, all compilers and the linker involved must be compatible versions. In theory, most major linkers will work; in practice LLD seems to be the most reliable one on Linux, with Gold in second place and the BFD linker needing to be at least version 2.32. On Windows and macOS the only linkers properly tested are LLD and ld64 respectively. For ld64 Firefox uses a patched version because the LLVM bitcode that rustc produces likes to trigger a pre-existing issue this linker has with ThinLTO.


    熊猫加速器好用么

    Cross-language LTO has been enabled for Firefox release builds on Windows, macOS, and Linux for several months at this point and we at Mozilla's Low Level Tools team are pleased with how it turned out. While we still need to work on making the initial setup of the feature easier, it already enabled removing duplicated logic from Rust components in Firefox because now code can simply call into the equivalent C++ implementation and rely on those calls to be inlined. Having cross-language LTO in place and continuously tested will definitely lower the psychological bar for implementing new components in Rust, even if they are tightly integrated with existing C++ code.

    Cross-language LTO is available in the Rust compiler since version 1.34 and works together with Clang 8. Feel free to give it a try and report any problems in the Rust bug tracker.


    Acknowledgments

    I'd like to thank my Low Level Tools team colleagues David Major, Eric Rahm, and Nathan Froyd for their invaluable help and encouragement, and I'd like to thank Alex Crichton for his tireless reviews on the Rust side.

    加速器天行

    《命运2》用不用加速器 -迅游网游加速器 - xunyou.com:2021-9-29 · >>>命运2加速器下载地址 上一篇:《命运2》好用的加速器 推荐 下一篇:没有了 联系客服 投诉建议 蜀ICP备07504248号 ICP证编号:川B2-20210137 京公网安备110105002121 ...

    Announcing the program for the 2019 LLVM Developers' Meeting in San Jose, CA! This program is the largest we have ever had and has over 11 tutorials, 29 technical talks, 24 lightning talks, 2 panels, 3 birds of a feather, 14 posters, and 4 SRC talks. Be sure to register to attend this event and hear some of these great talks.

    Keynotes
    Technical Talks
    熊猫加速器下载
    Student Research Competition
    Panels
    熊猫加速器下载
    Lightning Talks
    Posters


    加速器天行

    The LLVM Project is Moving to GitHub

    加速器天行

    After several years of discussion and planning, the LLVM project is getting ready to complete the migration of its source code from SVN to GitHub!  At last year’s developer meeting, many interested community members convened at a series of round tables to lay out a plan to completely migrate LLVM source code from SVN to GitHub by the 2019 U.S. Developer’s Meeting.  We have made great progress over the last nine months and are on track to complete the migration on October 21, 2019.

    As part of the migration to GitHub we are maintaining the ‘monorepo’ layout which currently exists in SVN.  This means that there will be a single git repository with one top-level directory for each LLVM sub-project.  This will be a change for those of you who are already using git and accessing the code via the official sub-project git mirrors (e.g. http://git.llvm.org/git/llvm.git) where each sub-project has its own repository.

    One of the first questions people ask when they hear about the GitHub plans is: Will the project start using GitHub pull requests and issues?  And the answer to that for now is: no. The current transition plan focuses on migrating only the source code. We will continue to use 熊猫加速器下载 for code reviews, and bugzilla for issue tracking after the migration is complete.  We have not ruled out using pull requests and issues at some point in the future, but these are discussions we still need to have as a community.

    The most important takeaway from this post, though, is that if you consume the LLVM source code in any way, you need to take action now to migrate your workflows.  If you manage any continuous integration or other systems that need read-only access to the LLVM source code, you should begin pulling from the official 熊猫加速器好用么 repository instead of SVN or the current sub-project mirrors.  If you are a developer that needs to commit code, please use the git-llvm script for committing changes.

    We have created a status page, if you want to track the current progress of the migration.  We will be posting updates to this page as we get closer to the completion date.  If you run into issues of any kind with GitHub you can file a bug in bugzilla and mark it as a blocker of the github tracking bug.

    8lag加速器 都可以用哪种充值卡付费?-业主生活-房天下问答:2021-3-22 · 3656浏览 家用暖气热交换器 844浏览 地暖分水器价格介绍 442浏览 空调安装收费标准有哪些?空调安装付费需了解 2341浏览 购房计算器:新房交易你可能会忽视哪些钱? 27985浏览 水管前置过滤器到底有没有用呢?看完之后,直接愣住了! 287浏览 车载净化器有用吗 ...

    Blog post by Tom Stellard.

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    LLVM and Google Season of Docs

    The LLVM Project is pleased to announce that we have been selected to participate in Google’s Season of Docs!

    绝地求生加速器排行榜 绝地求生加速器试用推荐_特玩 ...:2021-11-7 · 玩绝地求生没有加速器怎么行呢?所以今天在这里给大家带来关于绝地求生加速器的排行榜。顺便对每个加速器的试用情况仔细进行了说明!不过最终选哪个,还是自己试了之后再决定了!毕竟每个地区的网络情况都是不一样的,有些地方这个加速器好用,但是某些地方又是那个加速器好用!

    From now until May 29th, technical writers are encouraged to review the proposed project ideas and to ask any questions you have on our gsdocs@llvm.org mailing list. Other documentation ideas are allowed, but we can not guarantee that a mentor will be found for the project. You are encouraged to discuss new ideas on the mailing list prior to submitting your technical writer application, in order to start the process of finding a mentor.

    When submitting your application for an LLVM documentation project, please consider the following:

    • Include Prior Experience: Do you have prior technical writing experience? We want to see this! Considering including links to prior documentation or attachments of documentation you have written. If you can’t include a link to the actual documentation, please describe in detail what you wrote, who the audience was, and any other important information that can help us gauge your prior experience. Please also include any experience with Sphinx or other documentation generation tools.
    • Take your time writing the proposal: We will be looking closely at your application to see how well it is written. Take the time to proofread and know who your audience is.
    • Propose your plan for our documentation project: We have given a rough idea of what changes or topics we envision for the documentation, but this is just a start. We expect you to take the idea and expand or modify it as you see fit. Review our existing documentation and see how it would compliment or replace other pieces. Optionally include an overview or document design or layout plan in your application.
    • Become familiar with our project: We don’t expect you to become a compiler expert, but we do expect you read up on our project to learn a bit about LLVM.

    We look forward to working with some fabulous technical writers and improving our documentation. Again, please email 熊猫加速器下载 with your questions.

    加速器天行

    LLVM Numerics Blog

    GTA5强治外挂?熊猫加速器专线加速畅快联机!_天极网 - YESKY:2021-6-21 · 熊猫加速器拥有多条专属传输线路,在全球部署了多个云计算中心,目前已有北京、深圳、上海、浙江4 大数据中心,全方位覆盖。 >>>下载熊猫加速器<<< ( 作者:佚名 责任编辑:沈黎明) 天极新媒体 最酷科技资讯 扫码赢大奖 评论 * 网友发言均 ...

    腾讯网游加速器——绝地求生首选加速器【官方推荐】 - QQ:2021-6-9 · 腾讯官方出品的海外游戏网络加速工具。完美加速绝地求生、彩虹六号、GTA5、无限法则、战地等上百款海外游戏,有效解决游戏中出现的延迟、丢包、卡顿等问题。72小时超长免费试用,体验后购 …

    In the last year or two there has been a push to allow fine-grained decisions on which optimizations are legitimate for any given piece of IR.  In earlier days there were two main modes of operation: fast-math and precise-math.  When operating under the rules of precise-math, defined by IEEE-754, a significant number of potential optimizations on sequences of arithmetic instructions are not allowed because they could lead to violations of the standard.  

    熊猫加速器怎么使用

    The Reassociation optimization pass is generally not allowed under precise code generation as it can change the order of operations altering the creation of NaN and Inf values propagated at the expression level as well as altering precision.  

    Precise code generation is often overly restrictive, so an alternative fast-math mode is commonly used where all possible optimizations are allowed, acknowledging that this impacts the precision of results and possibly IEEE compliant behavior as well.  In LLVM, this can be enabled by setting the unsafe-math flag at the module level, or passing the -funsafe-math-optimizations to clang which then sets flags on the IR it generates.  Within this context the compiler often generates shorter sequences of instructions to compute results, and depending on the context this may be acceptable.  Fast-math is often used in computations where loss of precision is acceptable.  For example when computing the color of a pixel, even relatively low precision is likely to far exceed the perception abilities of the eye, making shorter instruction sequences an attractive trade-off.  In long-running simulations of physical events however loss of precision can mean that the simulation drifts from reality making the trade-off unacceptable.

    金山加速器_金山网游加速器_金山加速器有用吗_多特软件站 ...:2021-5-30 · 海豚手游加速器怎么添加游戏 海豚加速器设置操作方法教程 跑跑卡丁车怎么摇头加速?摇头加速方法技巧攻略 一起来捉妖四海志加速周活动玩法介绍 手机百度网盘怎么倍速播放 网盘加速播放视频方法 金山词霸好用么?金山词霸app评测:词汇学习方式仍需完善  The IR flags in question are: 

    nnan, ninf, nsz, arcp, contract, afn, reassoc, nsw, nuw, exact.  

    Their exact meaning is described in the LLVM Language Reference Manual.   When all the flags are are enabled, we get the current fast-math behavior.  When these flags are disabled, we get precise math behavior.  There are also several options available between these two models that may be attractive to some applications.  In the past year several members of the LLVM community worked on making IR optimizations passes aware of these flags.  When the unsafe-math module flag is not set these optimization passes will work by examining individual flags, allowing fine-grained selection of the optimizations that can be enabled on specific instruction sequences.  This allows vendors/implementors to mix fast and precise computations in the same module, aggressively optimizing some instruction sequences but not others.

    We now have good coverage of IR passes in the LLVM codebase, in particular in the following areas:
    * Intrinsic and libcall management
    * Instruction Combining and Simplification
    * Instruction definition
    * SDNode definition
    * GlobalIsel Combining and code generation
    * Selection DAG code generation
    * DAG Combining
    * Machine Instruction definition
    * IR Builders (SDNode, Instruction, MachineInstr)
    熊猫加速器下载
    * Reassociation
    * Bitcode

    There are still some areas that need to be reworked for modularity, including vendor specific back-end passes.  

    The following are some of the contributions mentioned above from the last 2 years of open source development:

    http://reviews.llvm.org/D45781【UU加速盒】开箱+使用感受_哔哩哔哩 (゜-゜)つロ 干杯~-bilibili:2021-5-1 · 目前觉得比较好用的一个免费加速器 炮灰级游戏玩家 2724播放 · 1弹幕 01:48 2021【加速器】免费的,需要的速度 ... 如何免费使用海豚 uu 奇游 熊猫等大品牌加速器?免费加速各大加速器 花钱你砍我~ 
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D45710 : Fast Math Flag mapping into SDNode
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D46854 : 360网游加速器-360网游加速器官方版-PC下载网:2021-6-12 · 360网游加速器是一款专业的网络游戏加速器软件,它与国内大多数游戏厂商有了成功的合作,让加速效果更佳显著,使您的游戏由卡变为非常流畅,对网页的访问速度也有一定的效果,确保您上网顺畅,支持所有网络,可以轻松地玩游戏。
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D48180 : updating isNegatibleForFree and GetNegatedExpression with fmf for fadd
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D48057: easing the constraint for isNegatibleForFree and GetNegatedExpression
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47954 : Utilize new SDNode flag functionality to expand current support for fdiv
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47918 : Utilize new SDNode flag functionality to expand current support for fma
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47909玩H1Z1等外服游戏加速器哪个好用?迅游、哒哒 ...-什么值得买:2021-2-25 · 玩H1Z1等外服游戏加速器哪个好用?迅游、哒哒、网易UU等网游加速器的不完全、不专业评测,由什么值得买值友发布在好物社区的真实分享,本文是作者亲身的购买使用感受以及中立消费见解,旨为在广大网友中传播更好的消费主张。
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47910流星免费加速器——真免费,为痛快!海量游戏免费加速-流星 ...:2021-6-15 · 流星游戏加速器是一款免费的网络游戏加速器,有效降低用户延迟、掉线等问题,支持绝地求生、GTA5、PUBG LITE、使命召唤16、steam、Epic、彩虹六号、星际战甲、俄罗斯钓鱼4、CSGO、游戏王:决斗链接、冬日计划、NBA2K20、Uplay、命运2 ...
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47911玩 德 州 扑 克 用 什 么 头 像 好-玩德州扑克用什么头像好:”二月河比划着说,当时他很迷茫,知道自己能写,但 写到什么样的程度够得上发表 的水平, 他把握不准 《花城》杂志官方微博介绍,小说《诗人金希普》和《表弟宁赛叶》讲了这 样的故事——宁赛叶心比天高,自诩才华与 表哥莫言比肩 ,空谈 ...
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D48289 : refactor of visitFADD for AllowNewConst cases
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47388 : propagate fast math flags via IR on fma and sub expressions
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47389 : guard fneg with fmf sub flags
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47026 : fold FP binops with undef operands to NaN
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47749 : guard fsqrt with fmf sub flags
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D46447 : Mapping SDNode flags to MachineInstr flags
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D50195绝地求生kakao加速器-吃鸡用熊猫 稳定不丢包:2021-5-25 · 熊猫加速器 目前已支持《绝地求生:大逃杀》kakao服加速,与其它区服一样,打开加速器选择【绝地求生】线路,点击【一键加速】,加速成功后直接进入游戏即可,已经购买kakao服绝地求生的小伙伴快来体验一下吧,大口呼吸安全区内的空气 ...
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL339197 : [NFC] adding tests for Y - (X + Y) --> -X
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D50417 : [InstCombine] fold fneg into constant operand of fmul/fdiv
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL339357 : extend folding fsub/fadd to fneg for FMF
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D50996 : extend binop folds for selects to include true and false binops flag intersection
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL339938 : add a missed case for binary op FMF propagation under select folds
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D51145 : Guard FMF context by excluding some FP operators from FPMathOperator
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL341138 : adding initial intersect test for Node to Instruction association
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL341565 : in preparation for adding nsw, nuw and exact as flags to MI
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D51738 : add IR flags to MI
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D52006国际版抖音TikTok怎么下载&注册?抖音海外版详细图解教程 ...:2021-4-24 · 超好用的Win10电脑外网连接软件推荐 5款最适合安卓手机上外网的软件 国内苹果手机用户首选加速器 加速推荐 2021年科学上网方法整理-Express科学加速测评 游戏&娱乐 怎么在中国看网飞(Netflix) Pixiv官网如何注册账号 怎么看R-18 Fakku绅士站官网登录
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL342598 : add new flags to a DebugInfo lit test
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D53874 : [InstSimplify] fold 'fcmp nnan oge X, 0.0' when X is not negative
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D55668 : Add FMF management to common fp intrinsics in GlobalIsel
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL352396 : [NFC] TLI query with default(on) behavior wrt DAG combines for fmin/fmax target…
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL316753国际版抖音TikTok怎么下载&注册?抖音海外版详细图解教程 ...:2021-4-24 · 超好用的Win10电脑外网连接软件推荐 5款最适合安卓手机上外网的软件 国内苹果手机用户首选加速器 加速推荐 2021年科学上网方法整理-Express科学加速测评 游戏&娱乐 怎么在中国看网飞(Netflix) Pixiv官网如何注册账号 怎么看R-18 Fakku绅士站官网登录
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D57630 : Move IR flag handling directly into builder calls for cases translated from Instructions in GlobalIsel
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL334035 : NFC: adding baseline fneg case for fmf
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL325832黎明杀机VPN加速器用什么比较好?力荐海豚加速器 _ 游民 ...:2021-7-27 · 黎明杀机需要vpn加速器吗?黎明杀机用什么vpn比较好?玩黎明杀机连不上服务器怎么办?玩黎明杀机必须要开启游戏加速器 ...
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D41342Nord(诺德)加速器使用教程&评测(附Nord中国官网地址) - 潘 ...:2021-5-6 · Panda(熊猫)加速器评测-2021 年性价比最高的翻墙工具 Subscribe 提醒 {} [+] {} [+] 8 评论 Oldest Newest ... 月光加速器好用吗?月光加速器官网注册及使用教程 - 潘达工具箱 2021年5月3日 下午9:28 […] 如果是非娱乐性的使用(比如外贸或Tiktok推广之类的 ...
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D52087 : [IRBuilder] Fixup CreateIntrinsic to allow specifying Types to Mangle.
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D52075 : [InstCombine] Support (sub (sext x), (sext y)) --> (sext (sub x, y)) and (sub (zext x), (zext y)) --> (zext (sub x, y))
    http://reviews.llvm.org/rL338059 : [InstCombine] fold udiv with common factor from muls with nuw
    Commit: e0ab896a84be9e7beb59874b30f3ac51ba14d025 : [InstCombine] allow more fmul folds with ‘reassoc'
    Commit: 3e5c120fbac7bdd4b0ff0a3252344ce66d5633f9 : [InstCombine] distribute fmul over fadd/fsub
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D37427吃鸡加速器可以共用的吗? _ 吃鸡游戏加速器排行榜:2021-1-10 · 听说国服版的吃鸡游戏准备上线了,这个消息早就放出来了,就是一直都没见有什么动静,确定的时间也没有公布,现在玩绝地求生还得玩一下外服版本的,这个游戏现在很火,火到国内玩家数量达到一千多万以上,外服不得不说的是游戏加速器。
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D40130 : [InstSimplify] fold and/or of fcmp ord/uno when operand is known nnan
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D40150 : [LibCallSimplifier] fix pow(x, 0.5) -> sqrt() transforms
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D39642 : [ValueTracking] readnone is a requirement for converting sqrt to llvm.sqrt; nnan is not
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D39304 : [IR] redefine 'reassoc' fast-math-flag and add 'trans' fast-math-flag
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D41333 : [ValueTracking] ignore FP signed-zero when detecting a casted-to-integer fmin/fmax pattern
    熊猫加速器下载Fishing planet钓鱼星球用什么加速器?熊猫支持吗?:2021-5-25 · 熊猫加速器已全面支持垂钓星球加速,只需四步就可以一键畅玩《Fishing planet》。 1.首先我们需要进入“熊猫加速器”官网,找到下载字样进行加速器下载。 2.下载安装后,打开加速器界面或在官网进行“免费注册”,注册时也可以领取免费试用。
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D42385网页flash下载_网页flash抓取器7.0 免费版-PC下载网:2021-6-12 · PC下载网网络其它频道,为您提供网页flash抓取器官方最新版、网页flash抓取器绿色免费版等网络其它软件下载。更多网页flash抓取器7.0 免费版历史版本,请到PC下载网!
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D43160 : [InstSimplify] allow exp/log simplifications with only 'reassoc’ FMF
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D43398 : [InstCombine] allow fdiv folds with less than fully 'fast’ ops
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D44308 : [ConstantFold] fp_binop AnyConstant, undef --> NaN
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D43765网游加速器免费-免费网游加速器哪个好-永久免费网游加速器 ...:2021-6-14 · 网游加速器的本质便是利用转站服务项目加快,实际上仅仅提升一下你的网络空间罢了,例如网通电信(或铁通)客户玩电信网区手机 游戏。全是掏钱连接点,没有什么科技含量。
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D44521 : [InstSimplify] fp_binop X, NaN --> NaN
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D47202 : [CodeGen] use nsw negation for abs
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D48085 : [DAGCombiner] restrict (float)((int) f) --> ftrunc with no-signed-zeros
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D48401 : [InstCombine] fold vector select of binops with constant ops to 1 binop (PR37806)
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D39669 : DAG: Preserve nuw when reassociating adds
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D39417 : InstCombine: Preserve nuw when reassociating nuw ops
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D51753 : [DAGCombiner] try to convert pow(x, 1/3) to cbrt(x)
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D51630 : [DAGCombiner] try to convert pow(x, 0.25) to sqrt(sqrt(x))
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D54001 : [ValueTracking] determine sign of 0.0 from select when matching min/max FP
    http://reviews.llvm.org/D51942 : [InstCombine] Fold (C/x)>0 into x>0 if possible
    http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=346242 : propagate fast-math-flags when folding fcmp+fpext, part 2
    http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=346238 : [InstCombine] propagate fast-math-flags when folding fcmp+fneg, part 2
    http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=346169 : [InstSimplify] fold select (fcmp X, Y), X, Y
    http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=346147 : [InstCombine] canonicalize -0.0 to +0.0 in fcmp
    http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=346143 : [InstCombine] loosen FP 0.0 constraint for fcmp+select substitution
    http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=345734 : [InstCombine] refactor fabs+fcmp fold; NFC
    Fishing planet钓鱼星球用什么加速器?熊猫支持吗?:2021-5-25 · 熊猫加速器已全面支持垂钓星球加速,只需四步就可以一键畅玩《Fishing planet》。 1.首先我们需要进入“熊猫加速器”官网,找到下载字样进行加速器下载。 2.下载安装后,打开加速器界面或在官网进行“免费注册”,注册时也可以领取免费试用。 战地1哪个加速器免费-木乌鸦:2021-10-11 · 关于战地1哪个加速器免费本文有7个回答,分别是1:玩战地1哪个加速器最好?2:战地1有免费的加速器吗?3:战地1哪个加速器免费?4:战地1加速器一天试用是哪个5:战地1用哪个加速器好,太卡了6:大佬们,战地1哪个加速器好,多少钱7:有免费的战地1加速器吗


    While multiple people have been working on finer-grained control over fast-math optimizations and other relaxed numerics modes, there has also been some initial progress on adding support for more constrained numerics models. There has been considerable progress towards adding and enabling constrained floating-point intrinsics to capture FENV_ACCESS ON and similar semantic models.

    These experimental constrained intrinsics prohibit certain transforms that are not safe if the default floating-point environment is not in effect. Historically, LLVM has in practice basically “split the difference” with regard to such transforms; they haven’t been explicitly disallowed, as LLVM doesn’t model the floating-point environment, but they have been disabled when they caused trouble for tests or software projects. The absence of a formal model for licensing these transforms constrains our ability to enable them. Bringing language and backend support for constrained intrinsics across the finish line will allow us to include transforms that we disable as a matter of practicality today, and allow us to give developers an easy escape valve (in the form of FENV_ACCESS ON and similar language controls) when they need more precise control, rather than an ad-hoc set of flags to pass to the driver.

    We should discuss these new intrinsics to make sure that they can capture the right models for all the languages that LLVM supports.


    绝地求生加速器排行榜 绝地求生加速器试用推荐_特玩 ...:2021-11-7 · 玩绝地求生没有加速器怎么行呢?所以今天在这里给大家带来关于绝地求生加速器的排行榜。顺便对每个加速器的试用情况仔细进行了说明!不过最终选哪个,还是自己试了之后再决定了!毕竟每个地区的网络情况都是不一样的,有些地方这个加速器好用,但是某些地方又是那个加速器好用!

    • Should specialization be applied at the call level for edges in a call graph where the caller has special context to extend into the callee wrt to flags?
    • Should the inliner apply something similar to calls that meet inlining criteria?
    • What other part(s) of the compiler could make use of IR flags that are currently not covered?
    • What work needs to be done regarding code debt wrt current areas of implementation.